Abstract A wearable artificial kidney (WAK) stands poised to offer dialysis treatment with maximal temporal and spatial flexibility for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. while portability has not yet been achieved due to difficulties in portable purification. The ion concentration polarization (ICP). one of the nanoelectrokinetic phenomenon. https://www.rxkaitori.com/product-category/emergency-batteries-the-lamp-company/