Abstract Background Gallstone disease poses a global threat to human health and is strongly linked to environmental factors. However. there is currently no data on the presence of rare earth elements (REEs) in human gallstones. This paper investigates the concentration and distribution of REEs in gallstones for the first time. https://www.ealisboa.com/limited-price-Cable-Splitter-weBoost-WilsonPro-by-Wilson-Electronics-mega-offer/